![]() ![]() Offering exhaustive coverage, detailed analyses, and the latest historical interpretations of events, this expansive, five-volume encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and detailed reference source on the First World War available today. Named Booklist, Editors’ Choice: Reference Sources, 2014. Learn the names of the plotters and their companies, who financed them and how they schemed to overthrow the White House and empower a fascist government in the United States.Įditor (with Spencer Tucker), author of 33 short articles, sole compiler/editor, Vol. Many of the companies that the plotters owned and controlled are now among the world's wealthiest corporations. ![]() They were associated with a powerful corporate organisation called the American Liberty League. This issue of press for Conversion! contains original research examining who these American fascists were. This incensed Butler who then held press conferences and went on the radio to name the top corporate leaders behind the fascist plot. Though he died in 1940, the highly decorated General Butler (two esteemed Medals of Honor) deserves to be heralded for his timeless message, which rings true today more than ever. ![]() The committee however did not pursue the main culprits behind the fascist plot and did not include many of their names in their report. That war is a racket has been told us by many, but rarely by one of this stature. He then blew the whistle by testifying to a government committee on "unAmerican activities." Butler named the corporate leaders who were planning to oust President Franklin D. Butler pretended to go along with the conspirators in order to learn who was behind it. This plan was exposed by recently-retired Marine Corps General Smedley Butler, who was the most popular military leader in the US. In the early 1930s there was a homegrown fascist plot to overthrow the U.S. Finally, a fundamental connection will be established, exploring the theories argued in the book A Foreign Policy of Freedom, between the policies of Woodrow Wilson and the foreign policy of the United States throughout the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. The aim is thus to understand, from another perspective, the fundamental cause of the paradigm shift from nonintervention to intervention taking place during this war, linking it to the project which led to the creation of the League of Nations and the growing importance of the US in the world. Butler joined the Marines in 1898 and saw action all over the world, winning two Medals of Honor, but he is remembered not so much for his military exploits. However, this monograph goes further, looking for a reinterpretation of the official American history of the First World War through the lens of libertarian discourse. This discussion explores in short, the powerful pamphlet by Major General Smedley Butler, "War is a Racket", demonstrating, specifically, who profited economically and who, in turn, bore the weight and violence of WW1, assuming that a war is never fought with the acquiescence of the population. Tract "It is not a coincidence that the century of war coincided with the century of central banking,” wrote Ron Paul, the libertarian candidate "sensation" for the presidential elections in 20, in the book End the Fed. ![]()
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![]() ![]() “I wanted to create something very appealing and exciting. “I wanted to create a collection of extremely pure shades that irresistibly attract the eye and the imagination,” says Lancôme Creative Director, Lisa Eldrige. From L to R: L’Absolu Rouge in 120 Cream, 290 Matte, 122 Sheer, 368 Cream, 132 Cream, $46 each, LancômeĬomprising of an impressive 39 shades in three finishes, the L’Absolu Rouge gives you endless possibilities when creating your favourite lip looks. However, despite the sheer variety of lip colours available in the market, if you, like many other women out there, still find it challenging to find a lipstick that combines comfort, texture and convenience in a luxurious and chic packaging, look no further than Lancôme’s L’Absolu Rouge. Lipsticks are one of the easiest way to jazz up your ensemble: one simple change in colour can instantly transform your look, taking you from being boardroom-ready to after-work cocktails or on a hot date. Value will vary based on customer's selection of products.This was created for Lancóme by Harper’s BAZAAR Singapore Hydrating & Brightening Génifique Eye Cream (0.5 oz. Radiance Boosting Advanced Génifique Face Serum (1 oz. Gift valued up to $263, only at Dillard's. Reward yourself with even more! Spend $125 and receive a full-size item of your choice to complete your beauty routine. ![]()
![]() ![]() Our first test run of the stove was very successful–we boiled a pot of water and cooked some eggs in a a pan. ![]() As the twigs burn you push them in over the edge to keep the fire going. You put your twigs and kindling on this shelf and start the stove up with newspaper underneath the shelf. Note the drawing above for the shape of the shelf. Lastly you use a tin can sliced down the side and flattened out to form a shelf which you insert into the elbow at the bottom of the stove. We used a piece of scrap sheet metal with a 4-inch circular hole cut in it to keep the ash from spilling out the gap between the pipe and the squarish opening at the bottom. Insulation works because of small pockets of air between particles, hence the need for ash or vermiculite, which are also non-combustible. You could also use vermiculite but note that sand or soil will not work. The ash acts as insulation to increase the efficiency of the stove. You pour the ash into the completed brick cube to fill the space between the pipe and the inside wall. Serendipitously, on a bike ride, we found a grill in the middle of Sunset Boulevard that fit the opening in our brick rocket stove exactly. Check out our earlier post for a video that can help with this part of the assembly. The next step is to put the pipe together fitting the elbow up into the longer pipe, and sized so that the top of the pipe is just below the bottom of the grill. We chose brick largely for aesthetic reasons and we’re satisfied with the results. ![]() You can avoid the hassle of brickwork by making a simpler rocket stove–check out these two instructional videos, one for a metal model, and another version using bricks. As you can see our masonry could use some more practice, but the results are not too bad–we like to think of our stove as being a bit “rustic”. For advice on how to build with brick we recommend taking a look at this. Next we built a brick cube, leaving a small hole for the bottom of the stovepipe. Folks in cold places will need to make a deeper foundation to avoid frost heave. We fashioned a 18 by 18-inch by 4-inch slab with 2 x 4 lumber and a bag of premixed cement. The first step was to make a small foundation for the rocket stove. street.ĥ0 pound bag of premixed concrete for the base Furthermore we realized that our rocket stove could burn some of the palm fronds that regularly tumble down from the iconic palm trees that line our old L.A. Staring at the bricks we had scavenged to build the base of cob oven, we realized that we could re-purpose them for a permanent backyard rocket stove that we would actually use. Also, where would we get the logs? And how good is it to burn such a fire and contribute to Los Angeles’ already smog choked air? We started to build the base for one and then began to think about how often we would actually build a fire, especially considering that it has to burn for several hours before a cob oven gets hot enough to cook in. There’s a trend in the eco-world to build cob ovens and we felt a certain pressure to keep up with the eco-Joneses. There’s no need to cut down a tree to cook your dinner–all you need is a few small branches or twigs.īefore we built the rocket stove we considered making a cob oven, a mud domed wood fired oven in which you can cook bread and pizza. The chimney effect creates a highly efficient, largely smoke-free burn. Rocket stoves can be built out of metal or masonry and consist of a L shaped tube, at the bottom of which you place your wood. The rocket stove was developed for use in poor nations where wood used for cooking has led to the vast, wholesale, deforestation of large swaths of the earth’s surface. ![]() We liked the idea so much that we decided to build a permanent one just off our back deck for entertaining and as a backup to our gas stove should an emergency take out our utilities. Low-tech is the new high-tech, and the best example of the low-tech revolution is the miraculous rocket stove–a stove that makes it possible to cook with small twigs–no logs needed! Best of all rocket stoves are easy to build. ![]() ![]() Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. ![]() ![]() It is equivalent to one joule per second (1 J/s), or in electrical units, one volt ampere (1 V♺).Ĭ provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. To calculate the current I in amps (A), you should multiply the real power P, in kilowatts by 1000. The formula multiplies these three variables together, then multiplies the result by 3 and divides by 1000 to get the power in kilowatts. For alternating currents, the 10 kW amp transformation is different for a single phase and a 3 phase system the power factor is needed in both cases. The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit for power. This Kilowatts to Amps calculator to convert power in Kilowatts into current result in Amps, select your current type (DC/AC), insert power in kW and voltage, then press Calculate to get the power result in Amps. How to convert electric power in kilowatts (kW) to electric current in amps (A) Since amps and kilowatts are sued to measure the same quantity, it is possible to work out the amps given the volts and kilowatts. For the conversion of 10 kW to amp check whether your electric current is of type direct or alternating flow of electric charge, as explained in details on our article Watts to Amps. ![]() In case you are using the Direct Current (DC), you will be required to enter the power in kilowatts and the voltage in volts respectively in their appropriate cells. The SI prefix "kilo" represents a factor of amp / ft2 ), feed - water salinities ( 500 to 3,000 ppm of sodium chloride ). It is a conversion calculator that converts the power from kilowatts and voltage in volts to current amps. You can do the reverse unit conversion fromĬv to kW, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: ![]() ![]() Next, click the "manage labels" tab at the top, and select the label you'd like to use: The "manage labels" tab in Gmail contacts How to create a label (like a group) in Gmail contacts If you want to add that contact to the group, just check the box. Now, when you go to your contacts and hover over a contact's profile image, it'll turn into a checkbox. To create a labeled group, go to the "labels" tab on the left sidebar menu, and click "create label" - then name it whatever you want. You can also create groups of contacts you frequently email - like your team at work, your family members, besties, and so on. ![]() Gmail will clean up duplicates for you, so they don't clutter up your contacts list, but you can find those duplicates here. Next, you can check for any duplicate contacts in the "duplicates" tab. Other ways to manage Gmail contacts - "frequently contacted" and "duplicates" Frequently contacted and duplicatesįirst, you can see the people you email the most frequently, under the "frequently contacted" tab on the left sidebar menu. There's a lot more you can do on the contacts page. Step 5: Explore what else you can do with your contacts Note: after you've added some new contacts this way, you might have to refresh your browser for those contacts to show up. If you've already added that person to your contacts, you'll see "Edit Contact" instead of "Add to Contacts." Then, click on "add to contacts" and voilà - you'll be taken to that same create contact screen (see above). Simply hover your cursor over the email address in your inbox, and wait for the box to pop up, like below: A second way to create a new contact in Gmail - hover over the email address Then click "save," and there you go! New contact created.īut there is another, super easy way to create a contact - if you already have an email from the person. You can fill out as much or as little as you like - a name and email are usually quite helpful. When you create a new contact with that button, it'll ask you for some info to complete the contact entry. The first way to create a contact, which you'll use if you haven't yet emailed the person you want to add, is by clicking the "create contact" button: One way to create new contacts in Gmail - click the "create contact" button You can create a new contact in a couple ways. If you don't yet have any contacts, or want to add new contacts, this is also the place for you. More on what you can do with them below (in Step 5). If you already have a bunch of contacts, this is where they'll be. Once you've clicked the blue "contacts" icon, you'll be brought to this screen (you may or may not have more than one contact - or you may not have any yet): Gmail's contacts page Your Gmail apps Step 3: Click that contact icon and manage your contacts If you don't see a contacts app, click "more" at the bottom and add it. The contacts app might not be at the top, but you can drag the apps around into any arrangement you like. In the upper right corner you'll see a square made up of nine dots (those are your apps): Welcome to Gmail :) Step 2: Open your appsĬlick on that square, and you'll see a dropdown menu containing all your available apps. Go to your Gmail account and look at the home page. How to manage your contacts (check for duplicates, create labels/groups).How to get into Gmail and find your contacts.In this step-by-step guide, we'll go over: Fear not - they're easy to find once you know where to look. If you're still getting used to the new Gmail, you might be wondering where your contacts went. ![]() ![]() ![]() The longer the front fork was, the easier it was to ride a wheelie. Chopper handle bars and fat ass rear tires on a widened rear end. The cops would actually hassle us because the bikes were so crazy looking. We would chop our front forks, the longer the better. We also took 10 speeds and chopped them with 20 inch front tires. The rest were pretty easy to kill though. The weight of the Schwinns was both a hindrance, and a blessing. Born to be Wild wasn’t just a song, it was a way of life in my hood. Think a gang of 20 kids and a Mad Max mentality in the late 1960s. Because we would treat bikes like rented mules, and beat the crap out of them. My chopper is just too much fun, and so many people in my neighborhood appreciate it.Īctually rode every one of the bikes here back in the day. I decided to take the Mustang out for a final run before it enters storage.Īfter that ride, I took the new bike back to the store. ![]() Over rough terrain the pedals will hit ground and you have to be aware of pedal position on curves. With more than a foot of stretch the steering feels a bit wonky and the bike is certainly top speed limited due to stability. (Offset to one side of course for safety.)įinally, I found I was geared too high to ride beside a young child, so I swapped the 50 tooth sprocket for a 32. It has a rear hub mounted 3 speed with a Shimano grip shift, which I would love to change to a suicide shift. I polished the wheels, added new whitewalls, pedals etc, and switched the damaged front fork with a bent springer that I shipped from California. This late Mustang has that iconic frame design, so I decided to reignite my teenage dream, as I had this broken bike laying around and my kid was getting old enough to ride. I was a big fan of the lowrider bikes in the 90s, which were always based around a Schwinn Crate style frame. I currently have the last iteration, which came out around 2000. It had several generations, starting in the 60s I believe. There was a Canadian counterpart to these chopper bikes, the CCM Mustang. Schwinn ceased producing wheelie bikes after 1982, while Raleigh held for another two years before throwing in the towel. The crossbar-mounted gear levers were, well, not good for young private parts in an accident, especially when the knob inevitably came off of the selector and turned it into a dagger (these were actually banned on new Choppers sold after 1974 in the US). With their tall center of gravity, these bikes were inherently unstable, hard to ride long distances, and the banana seats encouraged passengers to ride. BMX-style bicycles were coming into favor with buyers, and consumer safety groups were more than happy to see Choppers go away. However, by the time I lusted after these things, the death of wheelie bikes was already imminent. The Chopper saved the Raleigh firm and was a massive success in the UK and across the pond. Look at that console!! As a ten-year-old I would have tricked out that metallic surface with one of those stick-on LCD clocks, a thermometer, and maybe a compass for full instrumentation. Note the gear indicator window behind the giant shift knob (there were also 5-speed models as well as those with tandem gear selectors for models with gearsets in the back and on the crank). My favorite feature of the Chopper was the gear selector that made it seem like this bicycle was actually a car, which is what we as elementary schoolers really wanted anyway. Ogle’s Tom Karen (or Alan Oakley, if believe his side of the story) got the proportions and angular styling perfect in what appears to be a bicycle equivalent of Ogle’s funky Bond Bug car design. ![]() Still, there was something just right about the British Raleigh Chopper that came late to the party in 1969, and it was always my favorite. or the Huffy Slingshot with a Hurst branded shifter like on your dad’s 442 might have had. Outlandish interpretations existed such as Murray’s Fire Cat. By the later ’60s, the “muscle bike” style accounted for up to seventy-five percent of all bicycle sales, with competitors from most major bike brands (and rebranded ones sold in department stores such as Sears and JCPenney’s when they were still a thing). Parents were apparently hesitant to buy such odd machines for their kids, but eventually, they appeared all over the neighborhood streets. The Schwinn Sting Ray debuted in 1963 as a response to a California trend of fitting motorcycle-style accouterments to bicycles such as long “banana” seats, tall “ape hanger” handlebars, and small diameter wheels (often with the rear a larger size). The Raleigh Chopper actually wasn’t the first wheelie bike. Honestly, anything that involves Dennis Hopper doesn’t sound much like something to influence children’s playthings, but then I never thought Vampire films like The Hunger would ever transmogrify into tween drivel like the “Twilight” series. ![]() ![]() ![]() You can spot the Arduino Motor Control very easily in robots and school projects.Arduino Motor Control is used in cleaning robots.Applications of this arduino motor control are as follows : ![]() The purpose of choosing DC motor in Arduino Motor Control is that it changes the rotational direction as we change the direction of DC Current. The DC motors are used for direction purpose which are operated at the signal obtained by arduino. ![]() The reason it is most preferred board in electronics is that it has all the essential elements in it. Uno board is the most commonly used type of arduino board. The arduino motor control is established using an arduino Uno board. You will mainly found these types of servo motors in the numerically controlled equipment and simple appliances. They also respond to the stop and start command in fraction of seconds because of the separate winding of the DC source. The signal or command generated from these motors are very accurate that is why the response of the motor is quick and rapid. These types of motors are used more often than others because they provide a fast and controlled command to the motor. They basically have a separate field winding and the armature winding of the direct current (DC) source. With an arduino You can also control Servo motor which work on direct current but need an additional data input which decides which angle the servo should hold. And, when the button is presses another set of transistors work to provide reverse direction to the motor, until the button is released.Transistors are there to efficiently control the forward direction of DC motor.And, until the button is not released it keeps on moving in the same direction. Then, when the button connected to another of arduino is pressed then the direction in which the motor was moving is reversed.And, when the connections are made the motor moves in the normal forward direction in our desired speed. For adjusting the speed of the motor, the one pin of the motor is attached to the analog pin of the arduino.MotorValue = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255) įwdbuttonState = digitalRead(fwdbuttonPin) īckbuttonState = digitalRead(bckbuttonPin) Īrduino motor control is used in DC motors for efficiently controlling the speed and direction of the motor without the help of integrated motor driver. Program for Arduino Motor Control const int potPin = A0 All you have to do is upload it in your arduino board using Arduio software. The below code can be used in order to control the direction of DC motor You can get a number of Arduino codes online. This Uno board is uploaded an arduino code according to which it establishes the arduino dc motor direction control. Arduino Motor Control Circuit Diagram Components needed of Arduino Motor Control Circuit : The Arduino motor control uses DC motors which changes the direction as we change the direction of dc current which can be done easily with an arduino board. And, the torque of these DC motors is based on their physical specifications. However, this signal has low voltage and current, We cannot use it to control the linear actuator. Arduino can generate the signal to control the linear actuator. (optional) controls the extending/retracting speed. Retracts the linear actuator at maximum speed. In Motor control application by arduino, you will find number DC motors everywhere like toys, fans, tools etc. Controlling a linear actuator includes: Extends the linear actuator at maximum speed. There are number of simple application of the board you will find such as LED Blinker, Arduino motor control and many more which can easily be made through the Uno board. Arduino boards are in many types but the most popular one is known as Arduino Uno. You can now drive any DC motors with this simple code.If you are into electronics, then you must have heard about the arduino board. Constants const int enableBridge1 = 2 const int MotorForward1 = 3 const int MotorReverse1 = 5 // Variables int Power = 80 //Motor velocity between 0 and 255 void setup ( ) To drive the motor, Hbridge should be enabled and a PWM signal should be sent to Forward or Reverse depending on the rotation direction. ![]() ![]() ![]() Traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC), Suanpan is regarded as the fifth great invention in Chinese history. The Chinese abacus was officially listed as an intangible cultural heritage at the 8th Annual UNESCO World Heritage Congress in Baku, Azerbaijan. The beads are moved up and down during calculation. There are five beads on the bottom deck, known as earth. The upper deck, which is known as heaven, has two beads on each rod. Suanpan has two decks and more than seven rods. As for me, I'd rather use an electronic calculator.The Chinese abacus, called Suanpan in Chinese, is an ancient calculating method with a history of over 2,500 years. It just takes mental calculation and your fingers to record the result. Voila! With a little mental calculation, you have used the abacus to record the number 12!Īs you can see, using an abacus is easy. Then move one of the two beads on the tens string next to the divider. But leave the two unit beads where they are because they mean 2. So to record the number 12, you must first move the "5" bead on the units string back away from the divider. ![]() So you realize a bead on the second string should be activated to record the sum of the addition. With this realization, we realize that 7 + 5 is obviously bigger than 10 so the number can't be recorded on the ones string only. To use the Chinese abacus to add a number to 7, say the number 5, is easy as well. ![]() Voila! You have suddenly recorded the number 7! Now you can do other things, and the number 7 will still be there in case you forget the number. ![]() If you want to record a number, say, the number 7, simply move one of the two beads on the ones string over to touch the divider, and then move two of the ones on the ones string over to touch the divider. If it is resting on either side away from it, it isn't activated. If a bead is positioned next to the central division or towards it, it means it is activated and has a value. If you are the US Treasury, you might want to start from millions and just round for smaller figures.įirst, move all the beads away from the central division. They do not actually have to start from ones. Each rod has a decimal value: the first, ones the second, tens the third, hundreds and etc. The two strung beads each represent five and the five strung beads each represent one. If you ever come into contact with an abacus, what do you do? You might want to learn how to use it. These suanpans can be used for doing division, multiplication and for taking square roots and cube roots as well if the user knows the techniques. Chinese can also use their abacuses for decimal computations. The Roman and Japanese versions are designed for base 10 computations. Chinese abacuses are designed to allow for hexadecimal computation. The Chinese kind has two beads on the rods on one side and 5 beads on the rods on the other side of the divider. There is a divider that separates the left and right strings of beads. The Chinese kind has beads strung on wires or thin wood rods. It was mentioned in a 2nd century BC Chinese document, and versions may have been used for thousands of years prior. The abacus is called "suanpan" (算盤, calculating pan) in China. The Chinese abacus has a long history, and using one is actually simple though it takes practice to use it proficiently. In fact, it isn't clear where it was invented. Similar abacuses were used since ancient times in the Western world and India also. It wasn't only the Chinese who used abacuses. I couldn't figure out how they were used and felt kind of stupid because people were obviously calculating faster than I could. I remember when I first saw them, I was kind of dumbfounded. Up until calculators and teller machines became so cheap in China, they were widely used. In China, in outlying towns or more backward areas, you might see one lying around or actually used if you go into a shop. The abacus is a calculating and numerical recording tool that was once widely used in East Asia. ![]() ![]() ![]() What is causing the problem? The Analyze Phase is often not given enough attention and, without analysis, teams jump to solutions before knowing the true root causes of the issues. Determine How the Process Currently Performs.In the Measure Phase, the team refines the measurement definitions and determines the current performance or the baseline of the process. That means initially there are two focuses: reducing lead time or improving quality. As the team starts collecting data they focus on both the process as well as measuring what customers care about. How does the process currently perform? Or in other words, what is the magnitude of the problem? Measurement is critical throughout the life of the project. ![]() Define the Customer and Their Requirements.Define the Process by Developing Process Maps.Define the Goal by Developing a “Goal Statement”.Define the Problem by Developing a “Problem Statement”.This is a critical phase in which the team outlines the project focus for themselves and the leadership of the organization. ![]() In this phase the project team creates a Project Charter, a high-level map of the process and begins to understand the needs of the customers of the process. What problem would you like to fix? The Define Phase is the first phase of the Lean Six Sigma improvement process. DMAIC is a five-step method for improving existing process problems with unknown causes. This process is also known as DMAIC (“duh-may-ik”), its acronym. It consists of five phases: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, & Control. Lean Six Sigma is simply a process for solving a problem. ![]() ![]() ![]() Pretty well everyone has seen this exact trick using Coca-Cola.Īside from that, simple cleaning and scrubbing will get rid of the patina. It’s actually really easy to remove, and there are a whole slew of ways that you can do it.įor example, if you’re trying to remove the green oxide from coins like pennies, you can just soak them overnight in an acid. Pro Tip: Do this in a well ventilated area. It’s not a major problem, though, since you can just clean it again and redo the process. If you don’t have it perfectly clean, the patina finish won’t be consistent. If you want a thicker patina, just leave it in there for longer.Ĭleaning is an extremely important step if you want to do it right the first time. The ammonia fumes will create a thin patina within a few hours. ![]() String the copper up and hang it in the jar just above the ammonia. Any oils will end up protecting the metal from oxidizing and turning green.įill a sealable glass jar 1/4 of the way up with ammonia. Here’s one way to get small pieces of copper covered in a patina faster:įirst off, clean the metal thoroughly with a degreaser. ![]() But what if you want to speed this process up? Ok, so copper (and metals with a lot of copper in them) will eventually turn green on their own by just being exposed to air and water. Since copper is a popular material for things like wires and electrical connections, oxidation is a complete pain in the backside. Or you might just prefer the bright look of copper instead of the dull greenish color of the patina.Ĭopper oxide also doesn’t conduct electricity. There are many situations where you don’t want this patina.įor example, you probably don’t want your skin turning green if you have jewelry with copper in it. Over 130 years of being exposed to the elements later, the thickness of the copper oxide layer is only 0.005 of an inch! That’s about the thickness of two pieces of paper. One example is the Statue of Liberty, built in 1886. The result is that rust can eat away entire structures over time. It’s nothing like iron oxide, which flakes off, exposes new metal, which then rusts, then flakes off, etc. The thicker the copper oxide layer gets, the more it will resist further corrosion. It adheres really well to the base metal, and it’s pretty durable. But beyond cosmetics, there are some practical reasons why you might want it.įor one, this adds a protective layer to the metal.Ĭopper oxide is an interesting substance. Patina finishes are actually pretty popular for things like brass door handles, copper roofing, and other kinds of ornamental pieces. Bronze is composed of 88% copper and 12% tin.īoth of these metals have a really high copper content, which is why they form that same patina when they oxidize. The copper has reacted with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.īrass is an alloy that’s usually made up of 67% copper and 33% zinc. When you see that green layer on these metals (usually called patina or verdigris) it’s because of a chemical reaction. That means that if there’s no iron, there’s no rust. Put simply, the most common copper oxide is green (yes, there are a few different kinds!).Ĭopper oxide is kind of like “rust”, although rust is the word that’s use to define iron oxide. How to Prevent Copper Oxide from Forming.Why Brass, Bronze and Copper Turn Green. ![]() |
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